Asian Literature Essay

Asia, the world’s largest continent, expands from the area formerly known as the U.S.S.R. to the Bering Strait and as far south as the Indian Ocean. Scholars limit the areas of Asia to focus predominantly on the Eastern Asian area in regard to Asian American literary guidelines. Asian American literature allows a further exploration of the past and traditional Asian philosophies like Confucianism and Buddhism. Asian American literature also provides a voice to a culture generally ignored allowing Asian American authors to dispel stereotypes and explain cultural traditions. Asian American literature contains numerous originating nationalities, religions, languages, and philosophies for a monolithic philosophical definition. Asian Philosophy The basis of Eastern Asian philosophy finds roots in the principle of awareness of the relationship between all things and events. This principle explains the idea of the concept of the unification of an individual with the universe or a sense of oneness. Eastern philosophy encompasses the principles of Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, and Taoism. Buddhists believe in the principle of the Middle Way or to seek moderation and avoid self-indulgence or extravagance (Ling, n.d.). Buddhists accept the impermanence of nature and an interconnection of all things. Confucianism encompasses the principles of personal and governmental morality, appropriateness of social relationships, sincerity, and justice (Ling, n.d.). Hinduism in India and Taoism in China are two other philosophies reigning from Eastern Asia. Hinduism expresses a belief in the idea of the Absolute. This principle explains the accepted human reality as an illusion because the spirit lives infinitely. Hinduism preaches the idea of meditation to connect with the environment and reach self-realization. Taoism expresses the principle of Nature. Taoists believe the principle of Nature flows throughout life and connects all things (Ling, n.d.). Taoists seek to find harmony with Nature to find a happy and virtuous life. Limited exposure to Asian philosophy in America through literature cause a stereotypical and limited opinion of Asian American culture and philosophy. Typically Americans find exposure to Asian and Asian American culture and philosophy through movies and television shows creating specific stereotypes of Asian culture. The inadequate availability of Asian and Asian American literature in the United States to explain the principles of the Asian philosophies Asian Americans believe does not provide a strong voice in the Asian American community for change. The literature available explains the experience of Asian Americans in the United States. Asian Literature The experiences of Asian immigrants and Asian Americans in modern society typify Asian American literature. Scholars generally recognized Asian American literature written beginning in the 1970s as part of the Asian American canon. Asian American literature depicts the immigrant experience in America and in later generation assimilation. Asian American literature illustrates how language created stereotypes difficult to overcome. Asian American literature also explores the feelings of Asian Americans living in internment camps during WWII and how Asian Americans incorporate Asian culture with American culture to fit into the American cultural scheme. In the essay â€Å"Mother Tongue† by Amy Tan explains how all people speak in different languages and the subsequent categorization based on speech. Tan explains the different types of English she uses to write and the kind of English she uses when she speak with her mother. When Tan speaks to her mother she speaks broken English so that her mother understands rather than grammatically correct English. â€Å"I heard myself saying this: not waste money that way,† (Wong, 1996, p. 40). Tan explains she uses this type of English when speaking with her family even though her mother understands more English than speaking in a broken up pattern denotes. Tan later says, â€Å"When I was growing up, my mother’s â€Å"limited† English limited my perception of her,† (Wong, 1996, p. 43). Tan explains how in generally American’s view Asians who speak with fractured English as limited in knowledge or intelligence and how she herself was a victim of viewing her own mother through this stereotype. Tan uses the experience of her Asian mother to explain cultural racism in America and how English as her second language speakers makes daily communications difficult. In â€Å"No Name Woman† by Maxine Hong Kingston explains how a Chinese mother explained life lessons and warnings to her children through the same stories she grew up being told. The mother in the story tells a bloody tale of a woman who disgraced herself by becoming pregnant and how the villagers destroyed the woman’s belongings and the family’s home as well as killing animals and taking items to bless themselves after cleansing the house. The story ends with the pregnant woman killing herself and her baby and is never mentioned by the family again as if she never existed. â€Å"Don’t let your father know I that I told you. He denies her. Now that you have started to menstruate, what happened to her could happen to you. Don’t humiliate us,† (Maxine Hong Kingston, n.d., para. 9). Kingston’s mother embraces traditional storytelling from over the top examples to discourage behavior in the younger generations. Garrett Hongo’s â€Å"Kubota† tells the story of Hongo’s grandfather and how after the attacks on Pearl Harbor by Japan he and his family feared for their lives. Hongo’s grandfather, a Japanese American citizen, gathered for questioning by the FBI because of being part Japanese. It did not matter that he was born an American citizen as were the other Japanese Americans gathered it only mattered that he was Asian. â€Å"Many of these men–it was exclusively the Japanese American men suspected of ties to Japan who were initially rounded up–did not see their families again for over four years,† (Hongo, 1995, para. 7). Hongo explores the political prejudices endured by Japanese American’s during the war and how this treatment changed people. Hongo explained, â€Å"I am Kubota’s eldest grandchild, and I remember him as a lonely, habitually silent old man who lived with us in our home near Los Angeles for most of my childhood a nd adolescence,† (Hongo, 1995, para. 8). Conclusion Asian American literature encompasses the philosophical and cultural traditions of the area in Asia known as Eastern Asia. The generally accepted principle throughout different Asian philosophies is self-actualization and oneness with the nature. In the United States Asian immigrants struggled to find work and cultural identity while assimilating to American culture. Often Americans stereotype older Asian Americans as not intelligent because of a fractured way of speaking English rather than speaking with proper grammar. Asians in America faced political racism during the war Asian Americans loyalty came into question because of the physical appearance of Asian descent. Asian American literature includes the colorful and dramatic storytelling style of Asian culture when explaining the importance of accepting and continuing traditional Asian values to younger Asian American generations.

Push Pull Factors Influencing International Education Essay

The purpose of the article is to happen the influencing factors on international pupils ‘ determination in choosing establishments and host states.While related cognition are good developed, the purpose of the article mentioned above is non clearly specified. The article discusses the ground why pupils select to analyze overseas. There are two grounds: one is that, positive outlook of instruction for raising the economic and societal position, peculiarly higher instruction. The other is that less developed states do non hold adequate educational installation and pupils can non easy acquire higher instruction. Education industry started from 1960s in western advanced states. To capture the forms of international pupils flow globally, the writers endeavor to explicate it by a combination of â€Å" push and pull † factors that may promote pupils to analyze abroad. â€Å" Push † factors are those runing in the pupils ‘ place state. These will impact pupils ‘ determination to analyze abroad or non. While â€Å" pull † factors are those caused in the host state, these are seeking to pull international pupils. Though the grounds taking to analyze abroad were presented briefly in the debut subdivision, the writers fail to supply an enlightening lineation to explicate what they want to look into in this research paper.Literature Review For Past researchTo understand international instruction market, the writers review old research and place a group of seven major factors that may act upon the demand for international instruction. These factors include 1 ) deficit of higher instruction particularly in Asia and Africa 2 ) the particular relationship in history between host and place states, 3 ) the common linguistic communication between the place and host states 4 ) the advanced development in scientific discipline and engineering 5 ) the little distance from place to host states 6 ) people ‘s sentiment about the third instruction system in the beginning state and 7 ) last but non least, the writers find out that the wealth and the GNP growing rate both have some influence on the demand for international instruction by mentioning to Lee and Tan ( 1984 ) the comparative wealth of population and the GNP growing rate in the place state. By mentioning to Agarwal and Winkler ( 1985 ) , the writers farther identified four principal drivers, i.e. , the mean income per individual in the place state, the assorted sorts of analyzing cost, the handiness of educational chances in the place state, and the expected return of analyzing abroad. The writers besides refer to McMahon ‘s ( 1992 ) testing of push and pull theoretical account. In the push theoretical account, it illustrates that the degree of wealth in one economic system, the universe position of the underdeveloped state, the grade of the importance of the instruction in place state, and the instruction handiness all play of import functions on the demand for international instruction. In the pull theoretical account, the factors in the host state that could act upon international pupils are the comparative economic system size between the two states, the economic connectivity between place and host states, the political involvement of the host state to the place state, and the scholarship provided by the host state. The writers besides summarize the determination of two paper published by the first writer Mazzarol in 1997-98. When choosing a concluding survey finish, pupils by and large go through at least three distinguishable phases, i.e. , make up one's minding to analyze overseas, taking a host state, and happening a host establishment. Push factors play an of import function in doing the determination of analyzing abroad, whereas pull factors may hold impact on taking the host state and establishment. The pull factors for doing a host state attractive include 1 ) the general recognition of the host state, 2 ) recommendations obtained by the pupils, 3 ) instruction cost, 4 ) the environment of the host state, 5 ) the advantage of geographics, and 6 ) societal links. The pull factors for doing a host institute attractive include 1 ) an establishment ‘s repute for quality, 2 ) market profile, 3 ) scope of classs, 4 ) confederations or alliances, 5 ) offshore learning plans, 6 ) staff exp ertness, 7 ) grade of invention, 8 ) usage of information engineering, 9 ) resources, 10 ) size of the alumni base, and 11 ) publicity and selling attempts. The writers have presented a comprehensive literature reappraisal, covering most of the of import factors act uponing the international pupil flow. In peculiar, by mentioning to a pull-push theoretical account, the writers have identified a set of push factors promoting pupils to seek to set about survey overseas. They besides have ascertained two sets of pull factors, doing a peculiar host state and host establishment attractive.Research Results Reported Including Research Method and Data CollectionThe survey involved largely quantitative method but besides use some qualitative method. Questionnaire informations aggregation method is used in the survey. In this survey, three stairss of the informations aggregation were used. The first is appraising Indonesian and Chinese pupils. The 2nd is appraising Indian pupils. The 3rd one is appraising Chinese pupils. The writers collected informations through questionnaires. All the questionnaires were distributed to the research workers as their first linguistic communication. All the three studies used the same inquiries in order to do a comparing. Before the formal probe, focal point group treatments were carried out. In this subdivision, the writers try to determine factors act uponing international pupils to take host establishments through a discriminate analysis which was used to compare international and local pupils ‘ sentiments. At least, two concerns are identified. First, the writers mention that a seven point evaluation graduated table is a metrical graduated table, which is non right. Technically, it is an ordinal graduated table. Second, although the survey includes 17 variables which will act upon the pupils ‘ pick of establishment, a few of import factors that were of importance to international pupils have non been highlighted and discussed by the writers. These factors include â€Å" offering a wide scope of class and plans † , â€Å" doing usage of the latest Information technology † , and â€Å" a repute for being antiphonal to student demands † , â€Å" good known for invention in research and instruction † , and â€Å" a big campus and excellent installations † . The writers seem to disregard to discourse them in this subdivision, merely because these factors are every bit of import to local pupils. The research consequence was besides reported by the writer by placing the four most of import â€Å" push † factors that affect the pick of international instruction. These four factors are pupils ‘ apprehension of the abroad class, the trouble of come ining to local plans, pupils ‘ involvement of western civilization, and the motive of migration. The writers think that these factors are of import issues for educational establishments to see when developing an international selling scheme. The paper besides discussed other act uponing elements in the pupils ‘ pick of the host state, such as the recognition of one state, the recommendations, alumnas influence, the assorted sorts of analyzing cost, and the natural environment. In general, the treatment fail to give much practical deductions as what a good research paper should accomplish in the treatment portion. The writers seem to reiterate what they have presented in the old subdivision. Very seldom, the writers discussed the findings of the study and presented their deductions to the Australian international instruction market. For illustration, when societal costs and better cognition consciousness of a host state were recognized as of import factors, the writers fail to discourse how the Australian authorities should use these findings and act to pull more international pupils to analyze in Australia. Marketing schemes such as painting Australia as a safe survey finish and advertisement Australia and Australian universities in prospective abroad markets would be really helpful. The same jobs besides took topographic point in the subdivision that the writers discussed factors act uponing the attraction of a peculiar host establishment.Remark on the Au thors ‘Conclusion Drawn from the Literature Review and informations CollectedThe writer provinces in his decision that the authorities and their establishments need to pay peculiar attending to the â€Å" push-pull † factors because they play of import functions in the pupils ‘ pick of host state. This is clearly drawn from the literature reviews and informations collected. Then the writer mentioned that the supply of the international pupils is increasing in the Asiatic states. The traditional â€Å" push † factors will less of import than earlier. This is non mentioned in the literature reappraisal and non drawn from the research of informations. But the author measure frontward reasoning based on this fact stating that the host states should pay attending to the â€Å" pull † factors. Further, the writers remind that the personal recommendation and quality instruction are the cardinal factors in the pupils ‘ determination of host state and establishments. Of these, we think it is merely a sensible but non high quality decision drawn from the literature reappraisal and the information collected.

A Project On Poor Communications - 1119 Words

Project Outcome Unsurprisingly, the massive project with poor communications ended in a crash of epic proportions on the launch date of 1 October 2013. The website went live on a day that, ironically enough, was marked with a government shutdown. The website went the same way as the government and quite working as soon as it was launched. Users reported attempting to register more than 40 times without any luck, only to have the website return an error message (Ford, 2013). The website launch was immediately deemed to be a failure. Upwards of 250,000 people at a time were trying to access the website culminating in 8.1 million people receiving an error message within the first four days of launch. Unsurprisingly, a project that had timeliness above quality, got exactly what was asked for. The lack of security testing also came back to haunt the developers as a hacker was able to breach the website. While the presiding belief is that user information wasn’t accessed, the hacker was unquestionably within the workings of the website, and left malicious software on the servers for healthcare.gov (Yadron, 2014). Project Support and Cleanup As soon as the project failed, the administration appointed a contractor to fix the website. In a move of ultimate sardonicism, the government chose QSSI to fix the issues with the website. Being one of 2 contracts that were responsible for the original work on the website, they were charged to clean it up and make it work after failing theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project?3402 Words   |  14 PagesFaculty of Business Department of Management and Project Management Baccalaureus Technologiae Project Management Project Research IV Lecturer: L. 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Beneficial Management Contributions - 1482 Words

Every organization begins with a dream. A dream created by entrepreneurial minds at work. When an organization is put together a persons vision is coming to life. The same vision foreseen in their dreams is becoming a reality. This is amazing but can be very scary as well as there are numerous risks involved that can bring on the worse of out comes; a shattered vision. A valuable key to ensure the vision does not crumble at its very foundation is management. Management is the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organizational goals ( Bateman, and Snell). Now we must ask, is there one fool proof management blueprint to guide the way to an organizations inevitable success? As wonderful as that would be†¦show more content†¦Douglas McGregor was born in 1906. In McGregors earlier years he worked with his grandfather at his institute for transient laborers in Detroit. During this time McGregor formed a close relationship with Abraham Maslow and was greatly influenced by his work. He became influenced by scientific management and thought in terms of the larger picture. During this time McGregor developed his greatest contribution to management, the X-Y theory. The X-Y theory is included in organization behavior. Organizational behavior studies and identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness through an understanding of the complex nature of individual, group, and organizational process. (Bateman, Snell). The X-Y theory says that there are two types of managers differentiating in management style. Theory X says the average employee dislikes working and if at all possible, would avoid working. Because of their nonexistent desire to work, management must apply force with threats of punishment to enable the employee to work towards organizational goals. 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The Importance Of My Key Principals Are Caring For Life,...

I personally think that my key principals are caring for life, respect and honesty. I think for me caring is important because I was raise in a vegetarian home. My family does not consume meat, fish, or eggs. Yet we do consume dairy products because we believe that it does not harm any animal. In my principal, I think that all life is important and should not be harm. Unless someone is harming others and disturbing peace, then he or she should be harm. We have to care for all life from humans to animals, which my religion taught me as a child. My parents and religion have taught me it is important to respect one another. We have to respect the laws or codes in society. Therefore, we can live in peace. As a young child, my parents and†¦show more content†¦I think that over time a person ethical standpoint can change I think there are multiple limitations of my code of ethics. In my code for caring, I know that all life is important. Yet if a person’s is suffering or has an extreme medical condition then people are sometime put down such as a coma patient. Some people feel as though they do not have right to take a person life until they are death just like Baby Theresa discussion. Yet people have different viewpoints about caring for life. Some people may not respect everything around them such as rules or laws. People do not tend to respect everything because they might have a different perspective on a certain rule or cultural standpoint. Sometimes do not tend to be honest because they might see being honest is a greater harm than a greater good. People do lie in certain situation to create a better outcome or not. It depends on the situation. The definition of Utilitarian is â€Å"good is what produces more pleasure or happiness than pain† (Birsch 77). I think my personal ethi cs code of caring would go well with this principle. When peoples’ care for others and their well-being they want to make sure that the person is happy. Just like Utilitarian focuses on people happiness and making sure that they are well taken care of. Yet the major difference is that when caring for any living thing you make sure it’s not harm in any way. While for Utilitarian is majority rule if a group agrees on a

Flashing red lights Essay Example For Students

Flashing red lights Essay Help, help! cried the little girl, my mommy is on the floor and shes not breathing. The 911 dispatcher tried to calm the little girl. She told her that everything is going to be ok and that the paramedics were on their way. As soon as the paramedics arrived they quickly took control of the situation without a moment to spare. In no time little Jessicas mommy was breathing again. Critical thinking is a tool that is used in everyday life. Critical thinking doesnt always happen when youre reading, it happens everyday on the job. A critical thinker is defined as someone who is a self-motivated leader who is inquisitive and eager to learn more by being open-minded. Elements put to use when critical thinking are interpretation, analysis, and evaluation. A critical thinker is someone who evaluates rather than assumes. Critical thinking is a process that requires time, patience, and diligence. One person that I believe displays all of these techniques when saving peoples lives is Adam Hect a n EMT (emergency medical technician). The four characteristics that Adam displays in order to be classified as a critical thinker are knowledge, analysis, evaluation, and application. Knowledge is the first important step when critical thinking. Knowledge is the identification and recall of information. It is the who, what, when, where, and how. Knowledge is important to Adam and his job because knowledge is what he bases his decisions on. When Jessicas mommy was on the ground and not breathing Adam knew to give her CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation). Without Adams knowledge he would have had no idea of how to get Jessicas mom to breathe again. Not only is knowledge an important skill in everyday life but an important skill when critical thinking on the job. Knowledge leads to many other qualities that are needed for critical thinking such as analysis. Analysis is an examination of a complex, its elements and their relations. So in Adams situation of rescuing Jessicas mom, he had to look at the situation. Based on his knowledge he had to form an analysis of the procedure he should use to make her breathe again. Analysis is a crucial part to critical thinking beca use without being able to analyze the situation, the critical thinker can not figure out what the solution to the problem is. If Adam wouldnt have analyzed the situation he wouldve not known what to do and Jessicas mom wouldve died. That is why analysis is such an important step in the critical thinking process, especially in the field of doctors and emergency medical technicians. Another important part of the process is application and evaluation. Application is the actual process that you use after applying your knowledge and analysis to the situation. In Adams case the actual process of the CPR would be considered the application. Anytime he gets a call to an accident scene or to a house, the procedure that he decides to use is considered the application process. Next comes the evaluation. After all of these elements have been completed, the critical thinker needs to sit back and evaluate their actions. When Adam evaluates the situation, he looks at the outcome, what he did to make the outcome (application), and his analysis. Did he make the right decision based on his knowledge or would there have been a better solution? In Adams case, Critical thinking is a quick process that needs immediate action taken. He doesnt have the chance to sit back and closely analyze the situation and choose an option. He has to go with his instinct and use patience at the sam e time. As you can see critical thinking is not a simple process. There are many elements that go into the thinking process and many factors that determine the outcome. In Adams job he uses critical thinking constantly. He has to be able to use his knowledge in order to save peoples lives. When using his knowledge the other elements of critical thinking follow, such as, evaluation, analysis, and application. Adam has to keep an open mind when analyzing the situation, because each and every situation is different and requires a different application process. When he gets a call to go

Research Paper Essays - Collectible Card Games, Magic The Gathering

Research Paper Magic: The Gathering "You can always get the lands untapped, so just let them accumulate counters until you know you need them, then use the Druid to untap them. You can also use the Druid to keep counters from accumulating on your opponent's storage lands. . ." (Wylie 47). The confusing series of exchanges above are from a simple strategy-combination of a card game. This card game, though only a little more than two years old, is not only taking our nation by storm, but also all over the world. The card game is Magic: The Gathering. Magic, a collectible card game manufactured by Wizards of the Coast, is a fun and challenging game that involves two or more players (depicted as planes walker-wizards) dueling each other out with many different types of these such cards (which represent the many colorful magical spells). Magic: The Gathering is truly the first of its kind, and its success has everyone, even the designer, greatly surprised. Magic: The Gathering was developed by a mathematician named Richard Garfield. Garfield was always fascinated by games in general, and in the stages of developing Magic, he derived Magic from many other games. Since this collectible- card game genre was the first of its kind, Wizards of the Coast and Garfield had to take lots of risks designing it. After months of designing and play-testing the game, Wizards of the Coast finally created the Alpha version of Magic, and released it to the public in 1993. When it was first released, however, it didn't get quite the reputation it deserved. Unfavorable opinions ranged from, "Big Deal. I didn't know how to display them [display boxes of Magic cards] in the store. So I threw them on the back shelf" (Binder 44), to "They were begging people to take their stuff [Magic cards] during conventions" (Kardon 34). However, after a few months, Magic card sales started to skyrocket. Thus, Wizards of the Coast had to make more and more revised editions of different sets of Magic cards to satisfy the demand for these cards. Crazed Magic consumers often might have paid as much as $200 for a Black Lotus card (argued as the best card for Magic), and also other single cards, topping off around $100! People started to say "Do I [get] gas or do I get Magic Cards?" (Binder 44). With all the popularity Magic had obtained, Wizards of the Coast decided to name their world of Magic--Dominia, and it has expanded at an incredible rate ever since. A game of Magic places two (or more) players against each other. Each of the players starts out with 20 life points. The main objective of this game is to be the first person to reduce his opponent's life points to zero or less, thus "killing" him. There are a number of ways to accomplish this. One can summon creatures to help the players do battle against each other, cast other damaging spells to destroy the creatures or one's opponent, or cast other spells that can help the caster in the outcome of the battle. Although the basic rules sounded simple enough, the strategies of how to defeat one's opponent are almost impossible to master. Since there are many pools of cards available, "to beat your opponent with your carefully constructed cards," (Baxter 7) becomes a quest for every Magic player. With its infinite possibilities in each duel, "Magic continues to grow and is quickly becoming recognized as one of the most elaborate strategy games in history" (Baxter 5). There are five colors in Magic from which to choose in order to build one's playing deck. They are as follows: Black, White, Green, Red, and Blue. Each of these colors have their own unique advantages and disadvantages in their usage. These colors are the backbone of every Magic playing deck. Let's start with black. Black is mainly centered on evil necromancy magicks and dealings with the evil and the demonic. Black cards are also closely tied in with the undead, such as skeletons zombies, ghouls, and vampires. Magic players often depict black spells as: ". . . The nights in Dominia are full of power, as shadows and black magic traverse their way across the fetid swampsand bogs" (Baxter 30). Black's primary enemy, white, represents the holy side in the world of Dominia. White harnesses powers of healing and holy creatures such as Angels, Paladins, and noble soldiers and knights. The spells and creatures of white tends to "[Preserve] life and work Research Paper Essays - Collectible Card Games, Magic The Gathering Research Paper Magic: The Gathering "You can always get the lands untapped, so just let them accumulate counters until you know you need them, then use the Druid to untap them. You can also use the Druid to keep counters from accumulating on your opponent's storage lands. . ." (Wylie 47). The confusing series of exchanges above are from a simple strategy-combination of a card game. This card game, though only a little more than two years old, is not only taking our nation by storm, but also all over the world. The card game is Magic: The Gathering. Magic, a collectible card game manufactured by Wizards of the Coast, is a fun and challenging game that involves two or more players (depicted as planes walker-wizards) dueling each other out with many different types of these such cards (which represent the many colorful magical spells). Magic: The Gathering is truly the first of its kind, and its success has everyone, even the designer, greatly surprised. Magic: The Gathering was developed by a mathematician named Richard Garfield. Garfield was always fascinated by games in general, and in the stages of developing Magic, he derived Magic from many other games. Since this collectible- card game genre was the first of its kind, Wizards of the Coast and Garfield had to take lots of risks designing it. After months of designing and play-testing the game, Wizards of the Coast finally created the Alpha version of Magic, and released it to the public in 1993. When it was first released, however, it didn't get quite the reputation it deserved. Unfavorable opinions ranged from, "Big Deal. I didn't know how to display them [display boxes of Magic cards] in the store. So I threw them on the back shelf" (Binder 44), to "They were begging people to take their stuff [Magic cards] during conventions" (Kardon 34). However, after a few months, Magic card sales started to skyrocket. Thus, Wizards of the Coast had to make more and more revised editions of different sets of Magic cards to satisfy the demand for these cards. Crazed Magic consumers often might have paid as much as $200 for a Black Lotus card (argued as the best card for Magic), and also other single cards, topping off around $100! People started to say "Do I [get] gas or do I get Magic Cards?" (Binder 44). With all the popularity Magic had obtained, Wizards of the Coast decided to name their world of Magic--Dominia, and it has expanded at an incredible rate ever since. A game of Magic places two (or more) players against each other. Each of the players starts out with 20 life points. The main objective of this game is to be the first person to reduce his opponent's life points to zero or less, thus "killing" him. There are a number of ways to accomplish this. One can summon creatures to help the players do battle against each other, cast other damaging spells to destroy the creatures or one's opponent, or cast other spells that can help the caster in the outcome of the battle. Although the basic rules sounded simple enough, the strategies of how to defeat one's opponent are almost impossible to master. Since there are many pools of cards available, "to beat your opponent with your carefully constructed cards," (Baxter 7) becomes a quest for every Magic player. With its infinite possibilities in each duel, "Magic continues to grow and is quickly becoming recognized as one of the most elaborate strategy games in history" (Baxter 5). There are five colors in Magic from which to choose in order to build one's playing deck. They are as follows: Black, White, Green, Red, and Blue. Each of these colors have their own unique advantages and disadvantages in their usage. These colors are the backbone of every Magic playing deck. Let's start with black. Black is mainly centered on evil necromancy magicks and dealings with the evil and the demonic. Black cards are also closely tied in with the undead, such as skeletons zombies, ghouls, and vampires. Magic players often depict black spells as: ". . . The nights in Dominia are full of power, as shadows and black magic traverse their way across the fetid swampsand bogs" (Baxter 30). Black's primary enemy, white, represents the holy side in the world of Dominia. White harnesses powers of healing and holy creatures such as Angels, Paladins, and noble soldiers and knights. The spells and creatures of white tends to "[Preserve] life and work